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{\title Social capital, relationship building and personal benefits of volunteers in outdoor recreation }{\author Carrie McClelland}{\operator User}{\creatim\yr2009\mo4\dy29\hr10\min23}{\revtim\yr2009\mo4\dy29\hr10\min23}
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\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3237 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par Social capital, relationship building and personal benefits of volunteers in outdoor recreation 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3084\langfe1033\langnp3084\insrsid13632443\charrsid9307896 Carrie McClelland*
\par Margaret Johnston*
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4987607 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3084\langfe1033\langnp3084\insrsid13632443\charrsid9307896 Connie Nelson**
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 Harvey Lemelin*
\par * School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism, 
\par Lakehead University
\par ** School of Social Work, Lakehead University
\par 
\par 
\par Submitted: April 30, 2008
\par Proceedings of ANSER Conference, Vancouver, June 2008
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3237 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 \page 
Social capital, relationship building and personal benefits of volunteers in outdoor recreation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid3237 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206556 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443 Abstract
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10037655 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
This paper investigates how individuals benefit from their volunteer involvement in the field of outdoor recreation and relates these experiences to so
cial capital and the social economy.  In an exploratory study of the perceived benefits of volunteering for the individual and the community, qualitative data were collected from 13 interviews with volunteers in the field of outdoor recreation in the comm
unity of Whitehorse, Yukon.  Though study results are broader, this paper focuses on two categories of personal benefits that relate particularly to social capital and the social economy. These categories are: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13632443 rewards and reciprocity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid6619254 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443 relationship building.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
  This study found that these benefits are supported by social relationships developed through interactions among volunteers and activity participants.  We suggest that this interaction helps volunteers create and, potentially, use social capital within
 their networks.  We conclude that the development of social relationships is a large part of the experience of personal benefits for volunteers, and is important for understanding the relationship between social capital in volunteering experiences and th
e social economy. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid3237 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206556 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443 Introduction: Volunteering and Social Capital
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid852125 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
In many communities, volunteers are needed to provide a variety of services to residents; yet, volunteering itself can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\delrsid12456704 offer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
 additional benefits beyond the provision of products and services t
o the community.  Volunteers can benefit personally from their involvement in such a way that their experiences are enjoyable and rewarding for themselves.  Volunteering can fulfill an individual\rquote s need for self-direction and freedom of choice and}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid6509122  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 play a significant role in helping to achieve common goals of the community }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid15822825 (}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 Burden, 2000). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10037655 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid1923239 Volunteering contribute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid1923239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 to the community through}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid1923239 
 the formation of collective networks that affect social processes (Arai, 2000). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid1923239 These social relationships and networks are }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 venues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid1923239  for the creation of social capital and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid1923239  its use by volunteers.  Social capital refers to the value of social networks within a community }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid7940602 
 is generated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 through}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid7940602  relationships between individuals buil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid7940602  upon the concept of reciprocity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid12456704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid1923239 (Putnam, 2001)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid7940602 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid1923239 
Braun and Caster (2004) describe volunteering as a setting for creating social capital that is transferable between social environments and that provides a training ground for practising various social competencies. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 Social networks such as these are the venues for the creation and use of social capital }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 (Hemingway, 2006; Woolcock, 2001; Coleman, 1988).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid852125 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
The transfer of information within social relationships is important }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 in the development}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  of social capital (Coleman, 1988; see Sandefur & Lau
mann, 1998).  Seippel (2006) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 notes that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  social relations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  social capital within voluntary organisations work by facilitating the channels of communication and transfer of information }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 among}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  members. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 This relates to the work of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid7762259 Hemingway (1999)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 , who}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid7762259  found that social capital }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 arises}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid7762259 
 out of leisure activities that promote norms like autonomy, trust, cooperation, and communication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 , and who argued that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid7762259 
 community contributions cannot be made if the activity is not democratically administered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 . Outdoor recreation activities are undertaken during one\rquote 
s leisure time and are based around the freedom to choose and relaxed state-of-mind with which the participant approaches the activity. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 Leisure activities }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 (such as outdoor recreation) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 provide a space for people to volunteer and become engaged in community processes (Sharpe, 2006).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 This suggests that outdoor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid7762259  recreation organisations become active members of the social economy by empowering residents while providing valuable services to the community.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6509122 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 Given that volunteer
-based organisations offer rewards to the community and the volunteer, Painter (2006) suggests that by surveying the people who deliver these services, a better evaluation of their influences can be developed. The purpose of this paper is to examine the r
e
lationships between individual benefits of volunteering and wider contributions to the community through social capital. It explores the views of volunteers in outdoor recreation about how their volunteer involvement in the field of outdoor recreation has
 benefited them. It then links these individual benefits to social capital using a social economy foundation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid3237 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206556 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443 Methods
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8012242 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 \tab 
Qualitative data for this study were collected from 13 conversational interviews with outdoor recreation volunteers in the community of 
Whitehorse in summer of 2007. Conversational interviews allow the study participant the freedom to shift the interview focus to topics they think relevant (Neuman, 2006), and explores their personal descriptions of their voluntary activity (Glover, 2004).
 
In order to obtain a variety of study participants, outdoor recreation related organisations were contacted via community and online listings in combination with recommendations from community members and the Yukon Volunteer Bureau. Study participants wer
e
 adult volunteers involved in outdoor recreation activities ranging from formalised recreational sports teams to loosely organised groups. Analysis involved coding the transcripts, and organising passages under themes grouped into a framework linked to th
e literature. To maintain confidentiality gender specific pseudonyms have been used in this paper. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206556 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443 Findings
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid852125 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
Study participants were asked about ways in which they felt their volunteer work affected their personal well-being.  All participants stated that t
hey gained something from their volunteer work though some articulated benefits in much more depth than others. Interviews revealed four categories of personal benefits experienced by volunteers; however, for the purposes of this paper, only the categorie
s describing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443\charrsid12456704 rewards and reciprocity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443\charrsid12456704 relationship building}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  will be described here. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678112 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443 Rewards and reciprocity
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 Though some volunteering benefits are easily identifiable, such as skill development, all study participants 
felt rewarded in less tangible ways as well. However, these benefits were often described more sparingly.  Many felt that they gained satisfaction and growth from working as a volunteer, or that the experience of volunteering was healthy, stimulating, and
 rewarding. Several stated that their volunteer work had improved their outlook on life or that volunteering had made the individual a more positive person. 
\par Another reward that all participants felt they gained from their volunteer work was the enjoyment t
hey received.  Some people felt that volunteering was an additional way to participate in an activity in which they were already involved or to teach the activity to other people. Some commented specifically that they valued the chance to get outdoors and
 to work outside. For example, Judy said: \'93I used to volunteer in that respect because I just loved to be outdoors.\'94 Chuck noted that working on snowmobile trails for a club gave him the opportunity to be active outdoors: \'93I\rquote 
d rather put some time into volunteering, get out into the country.\'94   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4029339 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
Other participants said they appreciated the people with whom they worked in the organisation.  Sherry mentioned that her extensive involvement in an organisational capacity was gratifying:  \'93I enjoy the people, enjo
y being out there, meeting new people. It\rquote s a lot of fun!\'94 All study participants continue to volunteer because there is some aspect of the activity they find enjoyable.  For example, Mike commented, \'93
You just get that feeling and that gets addictive too.\'94 Stephanie enjoyed her volunteering because \'93you get this adrenaline and it\rquote s so exciting!\'94  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid852125 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
Some participants felt that the element of reciprocity was a valuable aspect of their volunteer work.  They believed that the volunteer effort they contributed to their recreation activity would be returned to them in some way.  \'93
So you can sort of see that if you do things for other people it comes back around\'94 (Mike). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 For some}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  the idea of personal benefits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  motivating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  keep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  them involved. Judy said \'93I thin
k have to see something in it that I can benefit from personally.  I\rquote m not just volunteering fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 r the sake of [it being] a good thing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  Sandra commented that \'93You get out of it what you put into it; I really believe that.\'94 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206556 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 Relationship building}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 
\par Almost all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 
articipants mentioned that they developed new contacts, friendships, or lasting relationships through their volunteer work. Some people felt that their volunteer work fostered other relationships with friends or family }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 through the opportunity to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  participat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 
 together and develop bond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 .  Many people valued the opportunity to reach out from their small community and meet new people}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  whether recreation participants or fellow volunteers.  Richard commented \'93It\rquote s very social. I\rquote ve met a lot of people and we\rquote ve d
one a lot of fun things.\'94  Hayley was also happy to connect with people: \'93It\rquote s amazing how many interactions\'85there\rquote s so many different connections that way.\'94 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid852125 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 
Meeting new people and interacting with them through a recreation activity also provided a medium
 for experience sharing and knowledge building. Similarly, some participants mentioned social networking as a valuable aspect of their volunteer involvement.   As volunteers meet new people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  the connections carry through to other areas of their lives. \'93You get all of those insights too, you get a whole other group of people you can connect with\'85you\rquote 
ll find [with] the size of a community like this, I think, a lot of networking\'94 (Sherry). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6643396 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 Another aspect of relationship building mentioned by participants high
lighted the value of the team of volunteers with whom they worked and felt a connection.  Also, many participants said their volunteer involvement allowed them to feel valued as a part of a community.  They really appreciated working with people who share
 similar values and beliefs and felt that their participation created a healthy space for them. Mike said \'93We\rquote re all valuable. We need to feel that about ourselves and the only way we\rquote 
re going to do that is if we go in and we accomplish things and teach ourselves to care for ourselves.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12006857 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 Discussion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8335841 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 
his research }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  the personal benefits experienced by volunteers in outdoor recreation provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 s
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  us with insight into the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 connections of volunteering, social capital and social economy. The interviews show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 through volunteering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
 outdoor recreation people can give back to the community in a setting they find enjoyable and personally rewarding.  Furthermore, volunteering in outdoor recreation provides a positive setting for the construction of social relation
ships.  These findings are consistent with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 those of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
Arai (2000) in that volunteers often look for the opportunity to make a contribution to their community and form relationships with the people they meet. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 Outdoor recreation activities provide a valuable s
etting for community members to join together in providing and participating in both formally and informally organised recreation activities.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 Often defined as non-essential community services, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 outdoor recreation activities are important locales for exchanges of resources and relationship building}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 , and, for the community, ways to encourage goals related to health, fitness and participation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8012242 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  \tab 
The social relationships that are fostered through volunteer involvement are instrumental to the provision of many of the personal benefits articulated by study participants.  Though relationship building was a valued aspect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 volunteering in itself, it is through connections with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  volunteers and activity participants that study participants most often }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 benefited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
from their work. This element facilitates the actions of network members contributing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  and withdrawing from social capital }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 stocks. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 The interactions between volunteers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\delrsid12456704\charrsid10704285 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  outdoor recreation facilitate individual learning and growth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 and, thus,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  promote the
 development of civic competence and engagement in community issues (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 Hemingway, 2006).  
\par \tab One area of particular interest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 in this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  investigation of personal volunteer benefits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 is}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  the importance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ascribed by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  study participants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  being included on a team of volunteers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 making}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
 meaningful contributions to the community. The relationships between activity members serve a social function for volunteers creating a space for them to fit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 and get along with others (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 Clary, Snyder, & Stukas, 1996).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 This ties in with the social solidarity created through such relationships that are founded on social capital, as suggested by Sand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid14503847 efur and Laumann (1998).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285   The social relationships created through volunteering made people }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 in this study }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
feel included and important in providing a community service.  Through volunteering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
 people have an opportunity to work together to make a contribution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  that is important for their community and its goals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 Some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 study participants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 explicitly mentioned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 expectation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285  of their services being reciprocated as an important benefit from volunteering. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 Seippel (2006) argue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 s,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
 it is the reciprocity present within social interactions that supports the sense of belonging and identity experienced by network members.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
ocial relationships that connect individuals with skills and resources are effective because of the possibility of those services being returned.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 Yet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 , many }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 participants in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
 this study saw their experiences as rewarding regardless of the possibility of gaining something in return. I
t is conceivable that study participants do not articulate the reciprocal nature of their social networks because they have not yet needed to utilise their social capital stock.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 As Hemmingway (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 2006}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ) notes, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 he potential benefits to social connections may 
be unknown to network members until those possibilities are needed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 This study confirms that a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 lthough social
 capital is traditionally considered a communal resource, it is membership in these social networks that gives individuals access to those resources (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 Evans & Syrett, 2007).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 ersonal benefits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 individuals receive from volunteering in outdoor recreation are based within the social relationships constructed and reinforced through their involvement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 Through }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 these interactions, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 volunteers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 ontribute to the social economy through increased civic engagement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
 that supports social goals and provides deeper connections for future volunteering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid10704285 . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12006857 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 Implications
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 \tab 
The findings regarding the benefits of volunteering in outdoor recreation provide us with an indication of the value of these activities.  Volunteers in outdoor recreation are providing an activity to the community}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443  while benefiting personally through the experience.  F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 indings from this study regarding reciprocity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 suggest}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  that further research is needed regarding the role of reciprocity within social networks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  in recreation volunteering, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 and its importance in the creation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  distribution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443  and use}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548  of social capital.  Such research could investigate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 the significance of reciprocity for both community benefits and individual benefits. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11873237 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 
Finally, it is important to explore further the significance of the outdoor setting of the volunteer experience and the specific benefits this provides to individuals and communities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632443 What are the particular opportunities for individuals and how does the 
outdoor experience enable them to gain personal benefits and to contribute to the community? How are these distinct from other volunteering opportunities and, indeed, how do they link with other volunteering opportunities and the creation of social capita
l in a community?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12006857 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 References}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13632443\charrsid16138548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12456704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 
Arai, S.M. (2000). Typology of volunteers for a changing sociopolitical context: their impact on 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10037655 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 
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Burden, J. (2000). Community building, volunteering and action research.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494  Society and Leisure,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 (2), 353-370.
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\par 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid922494 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 Neuman, W.L. (2006).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494  Boston, MA: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid922494 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 Person Education Limited.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15955043 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 
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Painter, A. (2006). The social economy of Canada: Concepts, data and management. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 Horizons Policy 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 (2), 30-34.
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Putnam, R.J. (2001).  Civic disengagement in contemporary America.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 Government & Opposition, 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 (2), 

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Sandefur, R.L. & Laumann, E.O. (1998). A paradigm for social capital. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 Rationality and Society, 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 (4), 

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\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 Acta Sociologica, 49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 (2), 169-183.
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Sharpe, E.K. (2006). Resources at the grassroots of recreation: Organizational capacity and quality of 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid922494 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 experience in a community sport organization. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 Leisure Sciences, 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 (4), 385-401.
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Woolcock, M. (2001). The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes. 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13632443\charrsid922494 (1), 11-17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11172620 
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